Science Chapter 5 Coal And Petroleum

Advantages of CNG—Compressfed Natural Gas and LPG—Liquefied Petroleum Gas are:

i) Both fuels burn with clean flame that does not produce smoke.

ii) They give more heat and energy as compared to other fuels.  

Bitumen or coaltar is used for surfacing of roads.

Millions of years ago, dense forest and animal got buried under the soil due to natural process like floods, earthquakes and thunder storms. When they got buried deep in the soil, they were exposed to very high pressure and temperature. Under these conditions, these slowly got converted into coal. This process of formation of coal vegetation is called carbonization. 

coal

petroleum

natural gas

refining

CNG

Fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources because fossil fuels require millions of years to form from the dead vegetation and animal that get buried deep inside the earth. They require high temperature and pressure for their formation, which cannot be provided in the laboratory. It is present in limited quantity beneath the earth, thus it will come to an end by human usage.

Coke is obtained by burning of coal in absence of oxygen. The process is called destructive distillation.
Characteristics of coke:
i)Tough
ii)porous
iii) black in colour

USES:
Coke is used to manufacture steel.
Coke is used in the extraction of many metals.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel. It is formed beneath the earth by decomposition of the dead bodies of the living organisms buried beneath the earth.Millions of years ago, Due to some natural calamities like earthquake or volcano, innumerable living organisms (plants and animals) got burried beneath the earth. When they got buried deep in the soil, they were exposed to very high pressure and temperature.Hence, they started getting decomposed and got convertd into liquid and gas form. In this way petroleum oil and petroleum gas are formed.

Exhaustible natural resources: Petroleum, Coke.

Inexhaustible natural resources : Wind, Water.

(i) Air

(ii) Water

Air, water and soil are provided by nature, so they are called natural resources.

Coal, petroleum and natural gas are formed by fossils, so they are called fossil fuels.

Tips: -

Fossil fuels are the energy rich components of carbon which were made by the decomposition of plants and animals buried under the earth, long-long ago. For example petrol, and CNG gas and LPG gas.

Peat, Lignite, Bituminous coal and Anthracite are different coal found in nature.

Anthracite contain maximum amount of carbon.

The greyish-black residue left after destructive distillation of coal is called coke.It is a tough, porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of carbon.

The gases product obtained by the destructive distillation of coal is called coal gas. The constituents of coal gas are hydrogen, methane and carbon monoixde.

Coke.

The process is called destructive distillation of coal. 

It is used in the extraction of many metals.

Naphthalene balls are obtained from the coal tar and used to repel moths and insects.

These days bitumen is used for road surfacing in place of coal tar.

(i) Petrol

(ii) Diesel

Coke seldom used as a household fuel as it is expensive, it is also used in the chemical industry in metal extraction.

The useful substances formed from natural gas and petroleum are called petrochemicals.

Petroleum is used in many commerical work. Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum is called black gold.

Petroleum occurs deep inside the earth.

Lubricating oil, Asphalt are not used as fuels.

Natural gas is a hydrocarbon,it is made up of compounds of hydrogen and carbon. Natural gas is a flammable gas, consisting largely of methane and other hydrocarbons. It occurs deep inside the earth either alone or covering the crude oil in an oil-field is called natural gas.

Compressed Natural Gas.

CNG is clean gas. On burning, it does not produce any smoke and leaves no ash. Therefore, CNG is considered eco-friendly fuel.

It is called refining.

Carbonisation is the process which convert dead vegetation into coal.

Diesel.

Tripura, Jaisalmer, Offshore of Mumbai and in Krishna Godawari Delta.

Coal is an exhaustible natural fossil fuel which is a tough, porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of carbon.

Coal mainly consists of carbon.

Petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, etc. can be separated from petroleum. 

Coal is a tough, porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of carbon. It is formed by the dead remains of the living organisms.

Uses of coal:

(i) Coal is used as fuel to cook food.

(ii) It is used to run trains, as it is burnt to generate steam in engine.

(iii) It is used in thermal power plants to produce electricity.

(iv) Coal is also used as fuel in different industries.

Coke is a tough, porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of carbon.It is obtained by destructive distillation of coke. It is almost pure form of carbon.

(i) Coke is used to manufacture steel.

(ii) It is used in extraction of many metals.

Coal- tar is black liquid obtained during destructive distillation of coal. It is thick and smells unpleasant. It is a mixture of hundreds of substances. Substances obtained from coal-tar are used to manufacture synthetic dyes, drugs, explosives, perfumes, plastics, paints, roofing materials, photographic materials, etc.

When coal is heated in the absence of air, it breaks up and provides a large number of organic compounds and some inorganic compounds.The process is known as destructive distillation of coal.
In this process coal tar and coal gas can obtained.

(a) (i) Petroleum, (ii) Natural gas.

(b) (i) Thick liquid, (ii) Gas.

(c) Fractional distillation.

(d) Kerosene.

(a) Coal.

(b) (i) Solid, (ii) Black.

(c) (i) Carbonisation, (ii) Destructive distillation.

(d) (i) Coke, (ii) Coal gas, (iii) Coal tar.

The resources which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities are called inexhaustible natural resources. For example: Air, Sunlight etc.

Natural gas is found deep under the crust of earth either alone or alongwith oil above the petroleum deposits. Many oil wells produce natural gas as a by-product. There are however, some wells which produce only natural gas.

The combustible gas present in natural gas is methane.

Harmful effects of burning fossil fuels are :

(i) Burning of fossil fuels burn with smoky flame which cause in air pollution.

(ii) They also cause global warming because they produce green house gas carbon dioxide gas on burning.

Substance which are obtained from petroleum and natural gas are called petrochemicals .

Petrochemical are used in the manfacture of detergent, fibres, polythene and other plastics and fertilizers.

Due to the green house effect, temperature on the earth will rise and the polar ice will melt. This will cause flooding of low lying areas. The rise in temperature on the earth, will affect monsoon and pattern of crop cultivation.

(i) Coke burns without producing smoke whereas coal produces a lot of smoke on burning

(ii) Coke has a higher calorific value than coal.

(iii) Coke burns more readily than coal.

(iv) Coke leaves much less ash in burning as compared to coal.

(i) Fossil fuels should be used only when no alternative source of energy is available.

(ii) Wastage of fossil fuels should be prevented in homes, transport and industry. Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where you have to wait,Ensure correct tyre pressure, and Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.

Constituents of Petroleum :

(i) Petrol, (ii) Paraffin wax, (iii) Diesel

Uses :
(i) Petrol : It is used as a motor fuel, aviation fuel. It is also used for dry cleaning.

(ii) Paraffin wax : It is used for making ointments, candles, vaseline etc.

(iii) Diesel : It is used as a fuel for heavy motor vehicles and electric generators.

(i) Bitumen : It is used in paints as well as in road surfacing.

(ii) Paraffin Wax : It is used in making ointment, candles, vaseline, etc.

(iii) Lubricating Oil : It is used in the process of lubricating of machine parts. 

Petroleum oil cannot be prepared in our laboratories because it took millions of year to convert dead bodies of plants and animals to get converted in petroleum. Moreover the temperture and the pressure that they required  is cannot be created in laboratories.

Some important tips can help in conserving fuel :

Use Air –conditioner in control manner: - The air conditioner of car used about ten percent of your fuel. Using in Air –conditioner in control manner will save up a lot of fuel.

Traffic signal alert: - We should immediately switch off the vehicle when not moving even temporarily.

Drive Fluently: - Drive at an average and constant speed. Speed variation consumes more fuel.

service your car:- Maintain the vehicle properly and getting it serviced at regular intervals.

Petroleum is found in sea or under earth. They are found under overlying impervious rocks. It is lighter than water, so does not get mixed with it and moves upward near the capping rocks. Wells are dug into these rock to pull of the petroleum. impervious rocks. It is lighter than water, so does not get mixed with it and moves upward near the capping rocks. Wells are dug into these rock to pull of the petroleum.

All the materials we use can be broadly classified into two groups :

(a) Natural Resources, (b) Man-made Resources.

(a) Natural resources are those resources which are present in our nature, gifted by God. They can be freely used. Soil, air, sunlight, water, wildlife, etc. are some natural resources.

(b) Man-made resources are those resources which are formed by various efforts of man and are artificial. Plastics, fibres, electricity, etc. are all artificial resources.

On availability of materials natural materials can further be classified as :

(i) Inexhaustible Natural Resources : Those resources which are present in unlimited quantity and will never get exhausted by human activities. Sunlight, air, soil, etc. are some inexhaustible natural resources.

(ii) Exhaustible Natural Resources :

Those resources which are available in limited amount and will get finished by human activities. Petroleum, coal, wildlife, forests, etc. are some examples of exhaustible natural resources.

Coal is a fossil fuel which is as hard as a stone. It is black in colour and is mainly used as fuel.

As coal is a fossil fuel, it was formed by the dead remains of the plants. Millions of years ago vegetation in forests got trapped under soil layers due to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. More soil layers got deposited on it and it went deeper and deeper beneath the earth. This raised the temperature and pressure beneath the soil. This initiated the process of burning these dead remains. Slowly all the vegetations got converted into coal which is a rich form of carbon. This whole process is also called carbonization.

Burning of coal in absence of air to obtain some useful constituents is called destructive Distillation. Following constituents are obtained from this process :

(i) Coke : It is a hard porous substance which is almost the purest form of carbon. It is used in manufacture of steel and in extraction of many metals.

(ii) Coal-tar : It is a black liquid with unpleasant smell. It is a mixture of about two hundred substanes which are very useful in our day to day life. They are used in drugs, plastics, paints, photographic materials, synthetic dyes, roofing materials, perfumes, explosives etc. Insect repellants like naphthalene is also obtained from it. Earlier, it was also used for surfacing of roads.

(iii) Coal gas : This gas is also obtained during destructive distillation of coal. It is used as fuel in coal processing plants and in various other industrial units situated near coal processing plants. Coal gas was used by the Americans and the Britishers for street lighting.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel which got formed by the dead remains of the sea animals. These animals slowly got trapped under soil and clay and more deposits were formed with time. Due to depth, the temperature and pressure raised and over the years they got converted into petroleum oil. Since oil is lighter than water, it did not get mix with water and got raised to the superficial rocks, which did not allow it to pass through them. To obtain petroleum, we have to dig wells to perforate the top rocks and pump up the petroleum oil.

The petroleum oil we get from these wells is a mixture of various other useful substances. Petroleum oil is, thus, refined to separate these useful by-products in petroleum refineries.

Economic and controlled consumption of fossil fuel can help conserving our natural resources. Following ways and measures can conserve our resources:

(i) Vehicles should be driven at constant and moderate speed.

(ii) Engines should be switched off at traffic lights or other temporary halts.

(iii) Proper and regular maintenance of vehicles.

(iv) Vehicle pooling can reduce number of vehicles plying on road thus less consumption of fuel.

(v) At home gas stoves should be cleaned properly and burners should not be left burning unnecessarily.

(vi) Pressure cookers should be preferred to pans. If pans are being used, they should be properly covered and their bottoms should not have deposits of burnt oil.

(vii) Small pans and burners should be used and pulses etc. should be dipped in water before cooking them.

(i) Over exploitation of these resources by the industrialists for short term gains.

(ii) Improper management which has lead to access of natural raw materials to certain groups of people which are either influential.

exhaustible

inexhaustible

inexhaustible

fossil fuel

Coal

petroleum

natural gas

carbonization

fractional distillation

Carbon dioxide

Coke

Bitumen

D.

coal

A.

coal

D.

all of the above

D.

CNG

C.

coke

D.

petroleum

C.

carbon dioxide

B.

methane + hydrogen

B.

methane

C.

chemical energy